Future of EU migration, home and justice policies. Some questions to the new candidates commissioners..

by Steve PEERS, Henri LABAYLE and Emilio DE CAPITANI

The would-be Commissioners for immigration and home affairs and Justice will shortly be questioned by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) in hearings, to determine whether the EP should vote to confirm them in office. MEPs have already asked some written questions and the would-be Commissioners have replied. Since most of the written questions were not very searching (except for a couple of questions on data protection issues), the Commissioners did not reply in much detail. However, the hearings are an opportunity for MEPs to ascertain the Commissioners’ plans, and to secure important political commitments, in these fields. To that end, we have therefore suggested a number of oral questions which MEPs should ask in the hearings.

Immigration and asylum

The Commission consider that migration policy should be framed by the (non binding) objectives of the global approach to migration (GAMM) and relations with third countries should be dealt with by “Mobility Partnership” which are more diplomatic declarations than binding acts. Would you propose a binding legal basis for treaties with the countries concerned, grounded on Articles 77, 78 and 79 of the TFEU?

What actions will the Commission take to ensure that EU legislation in this field is fully and correctly implemented by the Member States?

Will the Commission propose an immediate amendment to the EU visa code, to confirm that Member States are obliged to give humanitarian visas to those who need them and who apply at Member States’ consulates in third countries?

When will the Commission propose EU legislation to guarantee mutual recognition of Member States’ decisions regarding international protection, including the transfer of protection?

When will the Commission make proposals for a framework for sharing responsibility for asylum-seekers and persons who have been granted international protection, starting with those who have applied outside the territory of the Member States?

Will the Commission propose an immigration code, and what will its main contents be?

The Court of Justice has recognised that search and rescue obligations are interlinked with external borders surveillance (Case C-355/10). The EU adopted rules in this field which governing only border control coordinated by Frontex. Do you intend to propose that such rules should apply to all Member States’ border controls as a general rule, by formally amending the Schengen Borders Code ?

What immediate and longer-term steps will the Commission take to address the death toll of migrants crossing the Mediterranean?

Will the Commission propose to amend the EU legislation on facilitation of unauthorised entry to confirm that anyone who saves migrants from death or injury during a border crossing, or who otherwise acts from humanitarian motives, is exempt from prosecution?

Internal Security and Police cooperation Continue reading “Future of EU migration, home and justice policies. Some questions to the new candidates commissioners..”

La nouvelle Commission Juncker et la JAI : que tout change pour que rien ne change ?

by Henri LABAYLE (CDRE)

Original published HERE

La composition de la nouvelle Commission a suscité nombre de commentaires dans les médias, souvent bienveillants sinon flatteurs. L’a priori favorable dont bénéficie son Président, Jean Claude Juncker, n’empêche pas de douter de leur bien-fondé en matière de Justice et d’affaires intérieures, à supposer d’ailleurs que ces commentaires se vérifient dans les autres domaines d’action de l’Union.

Après des discours encourageants semblant indiquer que les thèmes des valeurs de l’Union et de l’urgence migratoire avaient été pris en considération par le programme du candidat à la Présidence, le retour à la réalité est moins enthousiasmant. Sans procès d’intention, il faut se résoudre à penser que, non seulement le changement ici aussi n’est pas pour maintenant, mais qu’il n’est pas davantage dans l’esprit des dirigeants de l’Union.

On fera litière d’abord des éléments de communication habilement distillés dans les rédactions des grands médias européens, notamment via un document de presse intelligemment construit. En résumé, la nouvelle Commission serait aujourd’hui un animal « politique », par opposition à sa composition technocratique précédente. Cette option est résumée ainsi par son président : « les commissaires ne sont pas des fonctionnaires ». Est-on bien certain que l’inverse n’est plus vrai ?

Soit, même si à l’examen il est aisé de se rendre compte que nombre de ces politiciens ont plutôt leur avenir politique derrière eux (5 anciens premiers ministres, 4 vice-premiers ministres, 19 anciens ministres, 7 commissaires sortants, nous dit-on), à supposer parfois qu’ils en aient eu un. Reste alors l’habileté manœuvrière qui, si l’on se penche plus précisément sur la JAI, réclamera vraisemblablement davantage de solliciter celle de Jean Claude Juncker que de compter sur le dispositif proposé.

Quelle délimitation des composantes de l’Espace de liberté ?

Continue reading “La nouvelle Commission Juncker et la JAI : que tout change pour que rien ne change ?”

Steve PEERS :New EU rules on maritime surveillance: will they stop the deaths and push-backs in the Mediterranean?

ORIGINAL PUBLISHED ON EU LAW ANALYSIS

by Steve Peers

Introduction

A new EU Regulation, published on EU’s Official Journal of June 27th , sets out new rules on maritime surveillance and rescue operations coordinated by Frontex, the EU’s borders agency. What effect will these rules have on reducing the tragic death toll of migrants in the Mediterranean? And what will happen to the asylum claims of those rescued or intercepted in the high seas?

These new rules are a response to the continued argument that the EU must bear at least some of the blame for the deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, Member States’ authorities and Frontex have often been blamed for violent behaviour or ‘push-backs’: the forced return of migrants’ vessels to unsafe countries, which were condemned by the European Court of Human Rights in its 2012 judgment in Hirsi v Italy.

The Regulation replaces prior rules adopted by the Council alone in 2010, in the form of a Decision implementing the Schengen Borders Code,which was annulled by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) after the European Parliament (EP) challenged it on procedural grounds. According to the Court, an EU act concerning human rights and coercive measures had to be adopted by means of the EU’s legislative process.

That meant that the European Commission had to propose a legislative measure, which it did in April 2013. At first, a hard-line group of Member States opposed most of the provisions in this proposal concerning search and rescue and disembarkation (ie the rules on the destination of migrants who were intercepted and rescued), even after the particularly tragic loss of 300 migrants’ lives in autumn 2013. However, these Member States relented, and the European Parliament also pressed to retain and improve upon the Commission’s proposal.

The new Regulation was subsequently agreed, and will come into force on 17 July. But does it mean that the EU will be doing enough to address the loss of life and push-backs in the Mediterranean?

This post addresses these issues in turn, and concludes with an assessment of the issue of the accountability of Frontex. It is an updated and amended version of a previous Statewatch analysis on the new rules.

Search and rescue Continue reading “Steve PEERS :New EU rules on maritime surveillance: will they stop the deaths and push-backs in the Mediterranean?”

Europe v Facebook: the beginning of the end for NSA spying on EU citizens?

Original published on EU LAW ANALYSIS
Wednesday, 18 June 2014

by Steve Peers

Since the revelations about the extent of spying by the American National Security Agency (NSA) revealed by Edward Snowden, doubts have increased about the adequacy of the data protection regime in the United States, in particular as regards its impact on EU citizens, who are subject to the more favourable regime established by the Data Protection Directive. One aspect of these doubts concerns the ability of the NSA to examine the content of communications processed by social media companies based in the USA, such as Facebook.

Today’s decision by the Irish High Court to send questions in the ‘Europe v Facebook’ case to the CJEU raises the possibility that the NSA’s access to EU citizens’ personal data might soon come to an end. But it’s not clear if the CJEU will address the most essential issues directly, because the case raises a number of complex legal issues that need to be examined in more detail.

As a starting point, the basic legal regime governing transfers to Facebook is the ‘Safe Harbour’ system, which takes the form of a Commission Decision finding that all American companies certifying their participation in a system for complying with basic data protection principles maintain an ‘adequate’ level of data protection. This is one of the ‘adequacy decisions’ that the Commission can make pursuant to the rules on the data protection Directive on transfers of personal data outside the EU (see further my recent blog post on the planned reforms to this system). Despite the doubts arising from the Snowden revelations, the Commission’s most recent report on the Safe Harbour system did not suggest that the system should be abandonned

Not everyone accepts these assertions, however. An Austrian citizen, Mr. Schrems, complained about the transfer of his personal data as a Facebook user pursuant to the Safe Harbour rules to the Irish data protection authority, which was competent in this matter because Facebook has a subsidiary in Ireland. The national authority argued that it could not take a decision on this complaint, because it was bound by the Commission’s decision. Moreover, it argued that the complaint was ‘frivolous’.

Mr. Schrems then challenged the authority’s decision before the Irish High Court. In its ruling today, the national judge therefore decided to send a question to the CJEU. Essentially, the question is whether the national data protection authority is bound by the Commission’s Decision, and whether that authority can conduct its own examination.

The first obvious question in this case is whether the American system infringes EU data protection law. Basing itself on the recent Digital Rights judgment of the CJEU, in which that Court ruled that the EU’s data retention Directive was invalid, the national court clearly believes that it does. While acknowledging the important anti-terrorist objectives of the law, the judge, when examining national constitutional law states that it is ‘very difficult’ to see how such mass surveillance ‘could pass any proportionality test or survive any constitutional scrutiny’. Indeed, such surveillance has ‘gloomy echoes’ of the mass surveillance carried out in ‘totalitarian states such as the [East Germany] of Ulbricht and Honeker’.

The judge equally believes that the US system is a violation of EU law, with no adequate or accessible safeguards available to EU citizens, and no consideration of EU law issues built in to the review process that does exist.

Is this analysis correct? There are two fundamental issues here which the national court doesn’t consider: the scope of the data protection directive, and the derogations from that Directive. On the question of scope, the CJEU previously found in its Passenger Name Records (PNR) judgment that the EU/US agreement which provided for the transfer of data from airlines to the US authorities was outside the scope of the data protection Directive, because it regulated essentially only the activities of law enforcement authorities, and the Directive does not apply to the ‘processing of personal data…in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope’ of EU law, such as…public security, defence, State security…and…criminal law’. On the other hand, the CJEU ruled that the data retention directive was correctly based on the EU’s internal market powers, since it essentially regulated the activity of private industry, albeit for public security objectives. While in this case, it might be argued that the American law in question falls within the first type of law, the Safe Harbour agreement clearly falls within the second. So it is a sort of hybrid question, but on balance the issue falls within the scope of the Directive, since the measure at issue is essentially the Safe Harbour agreement.

Secondly, the external transfer rules in the EU Directive do not refer expressly to the issue of derogations from data protection rights on public security grounds. Yet presumably some such derogations can exist, given that the Directive itself provides for public security derogations as regards the standard EU rules. Surely the security exceptions applied by third countries don’t have to be exactly the same as those applied by the Directive. But some form of minimum standard must apply. For the reasons set out by the national judge, however, there is a strong argument that the US rules fall below the standard of anything which the EU can accept as ‘adequate’.

Because the national judge takes these two issues for granted, there is no question sent to the CJEU on whether the American regime is either within the scope of the Directive, or violates the minimum standards of adequacy which the EU can accept as regards third states. But both these issues are absolutely essential in the debate over the post-Snowden relationship between the US and EU. It would therefore be desirable if the CJEU addressed them nonetheless.

Next, another problematic issue here is which set of EU data protection rules should apply: the external transfer rules, or the more stringent standard rules? The national court, along with the data protection authority, applies the external transfer rules, given Facebook’s certification under the Safe Harbour system. However, it is doubtful whether this is correct.

As is well known, in the recent Google Spain judgment, the CJEU ruled that the standard rules applied to Google’s search engine function, given that it had an ‘establishment’ in Spain, according to the Court’s interpretation of the rules. As I then argued on this blog, it probably follows from that judgment that the standard rules apply at least to some social networks like Facebook. In any event, the issue will arise again when the revised jurisdiction and external transfer rules, mentioned above, apply. However, the complainant and the national court assume that the external transfer rules apply. Perhaps the CJEU should also examine this issue of its own motion.

Another problematic issue is the question of how to challenge the inadequacy of data protection in practice in the US, which is the subject of the only question sent to the CJEU. The Safe Harbour agreement addresses this point directly, since it allows national data protection authorities to suspend data transfers as regards an individual company, in accordance with existing national law, if either the US government or the US enforcement system has found a violation of that agreement, or if:

there is a substantial likelihood that the Principles are being violated; there is a reasonable basis for believing that the enforcement mechanism concerned is not taking or will not take adequate and timely steps to settle the case at issue; the continuing transfer would create an imminent risk of grave harm to data subjects; and the competent authorities in the Member State have made reasonable efforts under the circumstances to provide the organisation with notice and an opportunity to respond.

However, Irish national law does not provide for such a system, but simply sets out an irrebutable presumption that the Commission’s adequacy decision is sufficient. This rule may well have played a part in convincing Facebook and the subsidiaries of other US companies to set up in Ireland in the first place.
The challenge argued that the national data protection authority nevertheless had to exercise such powers, and so the national judge asked only whether this was possible. Logically, there can be only one answer, by extension from the NS judgment: Member States cannot create an irrebutable presumption that prevents the exercise of Charter rights, so the national data protection authority must have the powers in question.

In the alternative, or arguably additionally, it must be possible to challenge the validity of the Commission’s adequacy decision in the national courts, which would then have an obligation, if they thought that challenge was well-founded, to send questions on that point to the CJEU. (See the Foto-Frost judgment).

The next problematic issue is the role of the national constitutional protection for human rights. Clearly the national judge believes that the American system breaches the protection for the right to privacy guaranteed in the Irish constitution. Nevertheless, the national court proceeds to examine the issue primarily from the perspective of EU law. So if the CJEU rules against the challenge to the American law on the merits, or does not address those merits for procedural reasons, should the national court proceed to apply Irish law?

In principle, national constitutional law cannot apply here, since EU law, as the national court recognises, has extensively harmonised this issue. This means that, according to the Melloni judgment of the CJEU, only the EU’s human rights standards, in the form of the Charter, can apply. National constitutional standards cannot. But national courts in Ireland (and elsewhere) might be unwilling to accept that outcome.

National law would only apply if the CJEU rules that this issue falls entirely outside the scope of the Directive, as discussed above. If, on the other hand, the processing falls within a public security derogation from the Directive, the EU Charter would apply, by analogy with the CJEU’s recent judgment in Pfleger (discussed here), in which it ruled that the Charter applies to national derogations from EU free movement law. This parallels the argument (discussed here) that national data retention law falls within the scope of EU law, following the Digital Rights judgment, because it is a derogation from the EU’s e-privacy Directive.

Finally, the consequences of any future finding by the national data protection authority that transfers under the Safe Harbour decision must be suspended as regards Facebook must be considered. Assuming that the US had not changed its law in the meantime, Facebook would have a dilemma: should it comply with its US legal obligations, or face the suspension of transfers of data from Europe? Possibly it could avoid this dilemma by ensuring that it only processed EU residents’ data within the EU, potentially avoiding the scope of US law. But this might be expensive, and in any event the US might seek to extend the scope of its law to cover such cases. These issues would inevitably arise for other major US companies as well.

Any real prospect that Facebook transfers from the EU might be blocked would cause a major earthquake in EU/US relations, making the concerns about the recent Google Spain judgment look like a minor tremor. It may be that the only solution is for the US to take more seriously its ongoing discussions with the EU on data protection issues, with a view to reaching a solution that reconciles its security concerns with the basic principles of privacy protection.

Europe v Facebook: the beginning of the end for NSA spying on EU citizens?

Original published on EU LAW ANALYSIS
Wednesday, 18 June 2014

by Steve Peers

Since the revelations about the extent of spying by the American National Security Agency (NSA) revealed by Edward Snowden, doubts have increased about the adequacy of the data protection regime in the United States, in particular as regards its impact on EU citizens, who are subject to the more favourable regime established by the Data Protection Directive. One aspect of these doubts concerns the ability of the NSA to examine the content of communications processed by social media companies based in the USA, such as Facebook.

Today’s decision by the Irish High Court to send questions in the ‘Europe v Facebook’ case to the CJEU raises the possibility that the NSA’s access to EU citizens’ personal data might soon come to an end. But it’s not clear if the CJEU will address the most essential issues directly, because the case raises a number of complex legal issues that need to be examined in more detail.

As a starting point, the basic legal regime governing transfers to Facebook is the ‘Safe Harbour’ system, which takes the form of a Commission Decision finding that all American companies certifying their participation in a system for complying with basic data protection principles maintain an ‘adequate’ level of data protection. This is one of the ‘adequacy decisions’ that the Commission can make pursuant to the rules on the data protection Directive on transfers of personal data outside the EU (see further my recent blog post on the planned reforms to this system). Despite the doubts arising from the Snowden revelations, the Commission’s most recent report on the Safe Harbour system did not suggest that the system should be abandonned

Not everyone accepts these assertions, however. An Austrian citizen, Mr. Schrems, complained about the transfer of his personal data as a Facebook user pursuant to the Safe Harbour rules to the Irish data protection authority, which was competent in this matter because Facebook has a subsidiary in Ireland. The national authority argued that it could not take a decision on this complaint, because it was bound by the Commission’s decision. Moreover, it argued that the complaint was ‘frivolous’.

Mr. Schrems then challenged the authority’s decision before the Irish High Court. In its ruling today, the national judge therefore decided to send a question to the CJEU. Essentially, the question is whether the national data protection authority is bound by the Commission’s Decision, and whether that authority can conduct its own examination.

The first obvious question in this case is whether the American system infringes EU data protection law. Basing itself on the recent Digital Rights judgment of the CJEU, in which that Court ruled that the EU’s data retention Directive was invalid, the national court clearly believes that it does. While acknowledging the important anti-terrorist objectives of the law, the judge, when examining national constitutional law states that it is ‘very difficult’ to see how such mass surveillance ‘could pass any proportionality test or survive any constitutional scrutiny’. Indeed, such surveillance has ‘gloomy echoes’ of the mass surveillance carried out in ‘totalitarian states such as the [East Germany] of Ulbricht and Honeker’.

The judge equally believes that the US system is a violation of EU law, with no adequate or accessible safeguards available to EU citizens, and no consideration of EU law issues built in to the review process that does exist.

Is this analysis correct? There are two fundamental issues here which the national court doesn’t consider: the scope of the data protection directive, and the derogations from that Directive. On the question of scope, the CJEU previously found in its Passenger Name Records (PNR) judgment that the EU/US agreement which provided for the transfer of data from airlines to the US authorities was outside the scope of the data protection Directive, because it regulated essentially only the activities of law enforcement authorities, and the Directive does not apply to the ‘processing of personal data…in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope’ of EU law, such as…public security, defence, State security…and…criminal law’. On the other hand, the CJEU ruled that the data retention directive was correctly based on the EU’s internal market powers, since it essentially regulated the activity of private industry, albeit for public security objectives. While in this case, it might be argued that the American law in question falls within the first type of law, the Safe Harbour agreement clearly falls within the second. So it is a sort of hybrid question, but on balance the issue falls within the scope of the Directive, since the measure at issue is essentially the Safe Harbour agreement.

Secondly, the external transfer rules in the EU Directive do not refer expressly to the issue of derogations from data protection rights on public security grounds. Yet presumably some such derogations can exist, given that the Directive itself provides for public security derogations as regards the standard EU rules. Surely the security exceptions applied by third countries don’t have to be exactly the same as those applied by the Directive. But some form of minimum standard must apply. For the reasons set out by the national judge, however, there is a strong argument that the US rules fall below the standard of anything which the EU can accept as ‘adequate’.

Because the national judge takes these two issues for granted, there is no question sent to the CJEU on whether the American regime is either within the scope of the Directive, or violates the minimum standards of adequacy which the EU can accept as regards third states. But both these issues are absolutely essential in the debate over the post-Snowden relationship between the US and EU. It would therefore be desirable if the CJEU addressed them nonetheless.

Next, another problematic issue here is which set of EU data protection rules should apply: the external transfer rules, or the more stringent standard rules? The national court, along with the data protection authority, applies the external transfer rules, given Facebook’s certification under the Safe Harbour system. However, it is doubtful whether this is correct.

As is well known, in the recent Google Spain judgment, the CJEU ruled that the standard rules applied to Google’s search engine function, given that it had an ‘establishment’ in Spain, according to the Court’s interpretation of the rules. As I then argued on this blog, it probably follows from that judgment that the standard rules apply at least to some social networks like Facebook. In any event, the issue will arise again when the revised jurisdiction and external transfer rules, mentioned above, apply. However, the complainant and the national court assume that the external transfer rules apply. Perhaps the CJEU should also examine this issue of its own motion.

Another problematic issue is the question of how to challenge the inadequacy of data protection in practice in the US, which is the subject of the only question sent to the CJEU. The Safe Harbour agreement addresses this point directly, since it allows national data protection authorities to suspend data transfers as regards an individual company, in accordance with existing national law, if either the US government or the US enforcement system has found a violation of that agreement, or if:

there is a substantial likelihood that the Principles are being violated; there is a reasonable basis for believing that the enforcement mechanism concerned is not taking or will not take adequate and timely steps to settle the case at issue; the continuing transfer would create an imminent risk of grave harm to data subjects; and the competent authorities in the Member State have made reasonable efforts under the circumstances to provide the organisation with notice and an opportunity to respond.

However, Irish national law does not provide for such a system, but simply sets out an irrebutable presumption that the Commission’s adequacy decision is sufficient. This rule may well have played a part in convincing Facebook and the subsidiaries of other US companies to set up in Ireland in the first place.
The challenge argued that the national data protection authority nevertheless had to exercise such powers, and so the national judge asked only whether this was possible. Logically, there can be only one answer, by extension from the NS judgment: Member States cannot create an irrebutable presumption that prevents the exercise of Charter rights, so the national data protection authority must have the powers in question.

In the alternative, or arguably additionally, it must be possible to challenge the validity of the Commission’s adequacy decision in the national courts, which would then have an obligation, if they thought that challenge was well-founded, to send questions on that point to the CJEU. (See the Foto-Frost judgment).

The next problematic issue is the role of the national constitutional protection for human rights. Clearly the national judge believes that the American system breaches the protection for the right to privacy guaranteed in the Irish constitution. Nevertheless, the national court proceeds to examine the issue primarily from the perspective of EU law. So if the CJEU rules against the challenge to the American law on the merits, or does not address those merits for procedural reasons, should the national court proceed to apply Irish law?

In principle, national constitutional law cannot apply here, since EU law, as the national court recognises, has extensively harmonised this issue. This means that, according to the Melloni judgment of the CJEU, only the EU’s human rights standards, in the form of the Charter, can apply. National constitutional standards cannot. But national courts in Ireland (and elsewhere) might be unwilling to accept that outcome.

National law would only apply if the CJEU rules that this issue falls entirely outside the scope of the Directive, as discussed above. If, on the other hand, the processing falls within a public security derogation from the Directive, the EU Charter would apply, by analogy with the CJEU’s recent judgment in Pfleger (discussed here), in which it ruled that the Charter applies to national derogations from EU free movement law. This parallels the argument (discussed here) that national data retention law falls within the scope of EU law, following the Digital Rights judgment, because it is a derogation from the EU’s e-privacy Directive.

Finally, the consequences of any future finding by the national data protection authority that transfers under the Safe Harbour decision must be suspended as regards Facebook must be considered. Assuming that the US had not changed its law in the meantime, Facebook would have a dilemma: should it comply with its US legal obligations, or face the suspension of transfers of data from Europe? Possibly it could avoid this dilemma by ensuring that it only processed EU residents’ data within the EU, potentially avoiding the scope of US law. But this might be expensive, and in any event the US might seek to extend the scope of its law to cover such cases. These issues would inevitably arise for other major US companies as well.

Any real prospect that Facebook transfers from the EU might be blocked would cause a major earthquake in EU/US relations, making the concerns about the recent Google Spain judgment look like a minor tremor. It may be that the only solution is for the US to take more seriously its ongoing discussions with the EU on data protection issues, with a view to reaching a solution that reconciles its security concerns with the basic principles of privacy protection.

The European Investigation Order: shaping a new approach to mutual recognition in criminal matters.

By Steve PEERS (*) and Emilio DE CAPITANI (**)

The adoption of Directive 2014/41/EU on the European Investigation Order (EIO) is a milestone for judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the European Union notably after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and of the EU Charter. This post focusses in turn on the broader legal context of the new Directive, its territorial scope in light of various opt-outs, and its important provisions on the relationship between human rights and mutual recognition.

A comprehensive single instrument

As from 22 May 2017, this Directive replaces most of the existing laws in a key area of judicial cooperation – the transfer of evidence between Member States in criminal cases – by a single new instrument which will make trans-border investigations faster and more efficient.
That current patchwork of rules comprises:
– the Council of Europe Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters of 20 April 1959 (and its two additional protocols);
– parts of the Schengen Convention;
– the 2000 EU Convention on Mutual assistance in criminal matters (and its Protocol);
– the 2008 Framework Decision on the European evidence warrant;[i] and
– the 2003 Framework Decision on the execution in the European Union of orders freezing property or evidence (as regards freezing of evidence).

Unlike the European Evidence Warrant, which most Member States thought was useless and have not bothered to implement, the new Directive will cover almost all investigative measures such as interviewing witnesses, obtaining of information or evidence already in the possession of the executing authority, and (with additional safeguards) interception of telecommunications, and information on and monitoring of bank accounts.
The Directive will not apply to Schengen cross-border surveillance by police officers under the Schengen Convention, or to the setting up of a joint investigation team and the gathering of evidence within such a team which. According to the legislator, these issues “require specific rules which are better dealt with separately”.

A small part of the previous Conventions will remain in force because they regulate issues outside the scope of investigations, such as compensation for wrongful conviction. A handbook for practitioners will clarify this issue in future.

Territorial scope

Continue reading “The European Investigation Order: shaping a new approach to mutual recognition in criminal matters.”

Data Protection after Lisbon and the Charter : with the “Google” ruling the CJEU deals with possible abuses by private companies…

ORIGINAL PUBLISHED ON EU LAW ANALYSIS

ORIGINAL TITLE : The CJEU’s Google Spain judgment: failing to balance privacy and freedom of expression
By Steve Peers

The EU’s data protection Directive was adopted in 1995, when the Internet was in its infancy, and most or all Internet household names did not exist. In particular, the first version of the code for Google search engines was first written the following year, and the company was officially founded in September 1998 – shortly before Member States’ deadline to implement the Directive.
Yet, pending the completion of negotiations for a controversial revision of the Directive proposed by the Commission, this legislation remains applicable to the Internet as it has developed since. Many years of controversy as to whether (and if so, how) the Directive applies to key elements of the Web, such as social networks, search engines and cookies have culminated today in the CJEU’s judgment in GoogleSpain, which concerns search engines.

The background to the case, as further explained by Lorna Woods, concerns a Spanish citizen who no longer wanted an old newspaper report on his financial history (concerning social security debts) to be available via Google. Of course, the mere fact that he has brought this legal challenge likely means that that the details of his financial history will become known even more widely – much as many thousands of EU law students have memorised the name of Mr. Stauder, who similarly brought a legal challenge with a view to keeping his financial difficulties private, resulting in the first CJEU judgment on the role of human rights in EU law.

The Court’s judgment Continue reading “Data Protection after Lisbon and the Charter : with the “Google” ruling the CJEU deals with possible abuses by private companies…”

Data Retention: a landmark Court of Justice’s ruling.(6) Are national data retention laws within the scope of the Charter?

ATTENTION !!!REBLOGGED FROM EU LAW ANALYSIS

Sunday, 20 April 2014

By Steve Peers

Following the annulment of the EU’s data retention Directive by the CJEU, an obvious important question arises: are national data retention laws subject to the same ruling of the Court? The purpose of this post is to set out the reasons why they are.

The starting point for this analysis is Article 51 of the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights, which states that the Charter applies to the EU institutions and other EU bodies, but to the EU’s Member States ‘only’ when they are ‘implementing’ EU law. What does that mean?

On the narrowest interpretation, Member States ceased to be implementing EU law on data retention from the moment that the data retention Directive became invalid. After all, from that point, there was no EU data retention law to implement. However, it is arguable that Member States can still be regarded as ‘implementing’ EU law where their national legislation was introduced to implement an EU obligation. It’s a novel point, because it’s rare for the CJEU to annul EU laws on substantive grounds. And where the Court has done so, it has more often annulled only a small part of those EU laws (in the Test-Achats judgment, for instance).

But that is merely an alternative argument that the EU Charter continues to apply to national data retention law. The main argument is based on solidly established case law of the CJEU regarding the scope of EU human rights protection where Member States derogate from EU law.

EU human rights rules and national derogations from EU law Continue reading “Data Retention: a landmark Court of Justice’s ruling.(6) Are national data retention laws within the scope of the Charter?”

April 8th 2014 : A dawn of a new european data protection era ?

ORIGINAL PUBLISHED ON THE INTERNET SITE OF
Réseau universitaire européen dédié à l’étude du droit de l’Espace de liberté, sécurité et justice(ELSJ)

La Cour de justice et la protection des données : quand le juge européen des droits fondamentaux prend ses responsabilités
9 AVRIL 2014
par Henri Labayle, CDRE

(English translation will follow)

C’est par deux grandes décisions que la Cour de justice aura marqué de son empreinte le droit de la protection des données à caractère personnel. Rendus le même jour en grande chambre, le 8 avril 2014, ces deux arrêts méritent d’être rapprochés : ils témoignent à tous égards de la volonté de la Cour de marquer un coup d’arrêt en assumant pleinement ses responsabilités de juge des droits fondamentaux.
Le premier d’entre eux pouvait paraître anecdotique par ses circonstances, sinon par son contexte. Frappant un Etat membre, sa décision Commission c. Hongrie (C 288/12) lui permet cependant de rappeler la nécessaire indépendance de ceux qui, dans les Etats membres, veillent au respect de la directive 95/46 relative à la protection des données.
Le second, éclatant et retenant à ce titre l’attention de tous, la conduit à prononcer de manière inusitée par sa généralité l’invalidité de la directive 2006/24 relative à la conservation des données, dans les affaires jointes Digital Rights Ireland (C 293/12) et Seitlinger (C-594/12).
Calée sur son office de protection des droits fondamentaux, prenant pour référence quasi-exclusive la Charte des droits fondamentaux et pour méthode de raisonnement celle qui est de mise à Strasbourg, la Cour de justice s’avère alors un garant résolu des droits individuels.

1 – De la nécessaire indépendance des organes nationaux de protection des données à caractère personnel

Le premier ministre Viktor Orban n’a guère eu le temps de savourer sa victoire aux législatives, deux jours avant l’arrêt de la Cour. Celles-ci étaient observées avec attention en Europe, au vu de la tendance fâcheuse des autorités hongroises à prendre l’Union et ses valeurs pour « un paillasson » ainsi que Daniel Cohn Bendit l’avait vertement indiqué à Viktor Orban au Parlement européen en janvier 2012.
Parmi les mesures reprochées au régime hongrois en matière de droits fondamentaux (voir le rapport Ruiz Tavares A7-0229:2013 au Parlement européen), de sa modification constitutionnelle à ses atteintes à l’indépendance des juges, sa décision de mettre brutalement fin aux fonctions du commissaire hongrois à la protection des données était passée relativement inaperçue des non spécialistes.
Avec le Parlement, la Commission en avait fait cependant l’un des griefs justifiant l’engagement de trois procédures en constatation de manquement en mars 2012. La Cour avait donc à en connaître.
Les faits ne prêtaient guère à discussion : la directive 95/46 sur la protection des données à caractère personnel fait obligation aux Etats membres de désigner une ou plusieurs autorités chargées de veiller à son respect. Elle précise dans son considérant 62 que « l’institution, dans les États membres, d’autorités de contrôle exerçant en toute indépendance leurs fonctions est un élément essentiel de la protection des personnes à l’égard du traitement des données à caractère personnel », ce que traduit son article 28 §1 en ces termes : « ces autorités exercent en toute indépendance les missions dont elles sont investies ».
En Hongrie, un commissaire à la protection des données élu en 2008 pour une durée de six ans jouait ce rôle. Au prétexte de réformer ce système, le Parlement hongrois avait décidé de remplacer cette institution par une nouvelle autorité chargée de la protection des données et de la liberté de l’information, d’où la cessation des fonctions du commissaire en question, M. Iori, et son remplacement pour un nouveau président de ladite autorité, pour neuf ans.
Ajoutée à l’évidente ingérence de l’exécutif hongrois dans cette nouvelle autorité, cette cessation forcée du mandat du commissaire hongrois justifiait donc la saisine de la Cour de justice par la Commission, appuyée par le Contrôleur européen de la protection des données.
Sans remettre en cause le droit souverain de l’Etat hongrois de modifier sa législation interne et son système de contrôle de la protection des données, la Commission refusait à la fois d’avaliser le fait que cette réforme aboutisse à la cessation du commissaire en poste mais aussi qu’elle puisse ne pas garantir l’indépendance totale de l’autorité exerçant ce contrôle. Celle-ci va au-delà de la simple indépendance fonctionnelle et prohibe toute forme de sujétion, qu’elle soit de nature institutionnelle, personnelle ou matérielle.
La jurisprudence a du reste eu l’occasion de trancher la question sur ce point (CJUE, 9 mars 2010, Commission c. Allemagne, C-518/07; 16 octobre 2012, Commission c. Autriche, C-614/10), particulièrement attentive à la condition d’un exercice des fonctions en « toute » indépendance, figurant dans la directive 95/46.
L’affaire était jugée suffisamment sérieuse pour que l’avocat général Melchior Wathelet, dans ses conclusions, ajoute « qu’un arrêt de la Cour constatant le manquement dans la présente affaire aurait une très grande importance non seulement pour les autorités créées en application de l’article 28 §1 de la directive, mais aussi pour toute autre autorité indépendante instaurée en application du droit de l’Union. En assurant ces autorités indépendantes de l’inamovibilité de leur mandat jusqu’à l’échéance prévue, sauf raisons graves préétablies par la loi et objectivement vérifiables, cet arrêt aurait pour effet de limiter considérablement le risque nuisible d’«obéissance anticipée» à des acteurs externes, publics ou privés. Un tel arrêt écarterait «l’épée de Damoclès» que représente le risque paralysant de cessation anticipée de leur mandat » (point 83).
C’est bien ainsi que la Cour l’entend, manifestement.
A « titre liminaire », et outre la directive, elle relie expressément et très utilement l’exigence d’un contrôle par une autorité indépendante du respect des règles de l’Union relatives à la protection des personnes physiques à l’égard du traitement des données à caractère personnel au droit primaire de l’Union et plus particulièrement à l’article 8 §3 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne et de l’article 16 §2 TFUE.
On conçoit alors qu’elle fasse de cette exigence un « élément essentiel » de ce droit à la protection.
Elle a déjà jugé dans les affaires précitées que le seul risque que les autorités de tutelle de l’État puissent exercer une influence politique sur les décisions des autorités de contrôle suffit pour entraver l’exercice indépendant des missions de celles-ci. En effet, d’une part, il pourrait en résulter une «obéissance anticipée» de ces autorités eu égard à la pratique décisionnelle de l’autorité de tutelle et, d’autre part, « considérant le rôle de gardiennes du droit à la vie privée qu’assument les autorités de contrôle » (point 53), leurs décisions comme elles-mêmes doivent être au-dessus de tout soupçon de partialité.
Il restait à cerner l’étendue de l’obligation pesant sur les Etats membres concernant le respect de la durée du mandat de ces autorités jusqu’à leur terme. Elle ne s’y dérobe pas.
Leur accorder le droit de mettre fin au mandat d’une autorité de contrôle avant son terme sans respecter les règles et les garanties préétablies à cette fin par la législation applicable constituerait, de son point de vue une menace potentielle qui « planerait alors sur cette autorité tout au long de l’exercice de son mandat » et pourrait conduire à une forme d’obéissance de celle-ci au pouvoir politique, incompatible avec ladite exigence d’indépendance. Que la fin anticipée du mandat résulte d’une restructuration ou d’un changement de modèle n’y changerait rien.
Elle délivre alors son interprétation : l’exigence d’indépendance mentionnée par la directive 95/46 doit être « nécessairement être interprétée comme incluant l’obligation de respecter la durée du mandat des autorités de contrôle jusqu’à son échéance et de n’y mettre fin de manière anticipée que dans le respect des règles et des garanties de la législation applicable » (point 55). Le droit de l’Union en pouvait raisonnablement être compris comme autorisant la Hongrie à adopter un comportement différent.
D’où la constatation du manquement commis par les autorités hongroises à leurs obligations, que la Cour de justice n’accepte pas d’atténuer en faisant droit à la demande la Hongrie de limiter dans le temps les effets de son arrêt.

2 – De la proportionnalité de l’ingérence des pouvoirs publics dans la conservation des données

L’arrêt rendu dans les affaires jointes Digital Rights Ireland et Seitlinger (C-293/12 et 594/12) est d’une importance plus grande encore. Par la radicalité de la solution de la Cour, l’invalidation entière d’une directive, comme par le raisonnement mené pour y parvenir et par l’impact de sa solution sur les pratiques nationales, il doit être salué. A une question de principe, la Cour apporte sans se dérober une réponse de même nature.

Une question de principe

C’est par la voie préjudicielle que la High Court Irlandaise, d’une part, et la Cour constitutionnelle autrichienne, d’autre part, interrogeaient la Cour de justice sur la validité de la directive 2006/24 sur la conservation des données générées ou traitées dans le cadre de la fourniture de services de communications électroniques accessibles au public ou de réseaux publics de communications. La première, à l’occasion de litiges nationaux concernant son application tandis que l’autre devait trancher une série impressionnante de contestations prenant la forme de recours en constitutionnalité faisant suite à la transposition de la directive en droit interne.
Etait principalement en cause l’obligation faite aux opérateurs économiques de collecter, conserver et rendre disponibles pendant un temps déterminé un nombre considérable de données à caractère personnel recueillies lors des communications individuelles dans l’ensemble de l’Union, ce afin de lutter contre des activités criminelles graves.
L’occasion était rêvée pour la Cour de justice de se prononcer sur les conditions dans lesquelles l’Union européenne peut juridiquement limiter l’exercice des droits fondamentaux, en l’espèce ceux du respect de la vie privée et de la protection des données à caractère personnel garantis par les articles 7 et 8 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union.

L’article 52 §1 de cette dernière reprend en effet la logique qui anime les droits conditionnels de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme en affirmant que « toute limitation de l’exercice des droits et libertés reconnus par la présente Charte doit être prévue par la loi et respecter le contenu essentiel desdits droits et libertés. Dans le respect du principe de proportionnalité, des limitations ne peuvent être apportées que si elles sont nécessaires et répondent effectivement à des objectifs d’intérêt général reconnus par l’Union ou au besoin de protection des droits et libertés d’autrui ». Les « explications » accompagnant la Charte et son article 7, abondamment citées dans le prétoire du Kirchberg, soulignent cet équilibre nécessaire.

La Cour était donc invitée à ce calcul de proportionnalité, derrière les questions des juges irlandais et autrichiens, pour évaluer la validité de la directive 2006/24.

Pour y parvenir, plusieurs clarifications étaient nécessaires. Déterminer la pertinence de l’invocation de la Charte en la matière était la plus simple, tant il allait de soi que la collecte et la conservation par les autorités nationales de données aussi sensibles pour la vie privée relevaient de son champ d’application.
Cerner la fonctionnalité exacte de la directive 2006/24 posait en revanche une question plus sensible.
On sait à cet égard la propension grandissante des institutions, telles que la Commission par exemple à propos de la migration ou de la justice, à réduire le fonctionnement de l’Espace de liberté, sécurité et justice à un prolongement du marché intérieur, accompagnée en cela par une doctrine ignorante de sa genèse et de sa charge politique. Négligeant celle-ci en mettant en avant une logique économique, cette approche est contraire à la réalité de l’Union comme au droit issu d’un traité qui garantit la sécurité à ses citoyens.
L’avocat général Cruz Villalon s’en faisait l’écho dans ses conclusions, multipliant les explications relatives à la « dualité fonctionnelle » de la directive 2006/24, adoptée « dans l’objectif de protéger le bon fonctionnement du marché intérieur, de mettre un terme à l’évolution hétérogène des réglementations existantes, tout en y faisant obstacle pour le futur ». La Cour de justice, dans son arrêt Irlande c. Parlement et Conseil de 2009 (C-301/06), avait d’ailleurs expressément rejeté une contestation portant sur la base juridique de cette directive, l’article 95 TCE, prétendant que l’unique objectif de la directive était en fait celui de la lutte contre le terrorisme réglée dans le titre VI du TUE de l’époque.
La Cour de justice n’en reste pas à cette lecture formelle et, de manière éclatante, elle relie la problématique à la politique de sécurité intérieure de l’Union européenne.
Il lui fallait en effet, dans le premier terme de son raisonnement visant à établir la légalité de la directive, identifier l’existence d’un intérêt public susceptible de justifier l’intervention de l’Union dans la vie privée des citoyens de l’Union c’est-à-dire vérifier que ces ingérences éventuelles répondent effectivement à des objectifs d’intérêt général reconnus par l’Union ou au besoin de protection des droits et libertés d’autrui, en vertu de l’article 52 §1 de la Charte.
Sans démentir ses affirmations précédentes relatives au besoin d’harmonisation des droits nationaux en matière de conservation des données, elle y apporte néanmoins un bémol qui contraste avec sa jurisprudence péremptoire de 2009 : « l’objectif matériel de cette directive vise, ainsi qu’il découle de son article 1er, paragraphe 1, à garantir la disponibilité de ces données à des fins de recherche, de détection et de poursuite d’infractions graves telles qu’elles sont définies par chaque État membre dans son droit interne. L’objectif matériel de cette directive est, dès lors, de contribuer à la lutte contre la criminalité grave et ainsi, en fin de compte, à la sécurité publique » (point 41). Fermez le ban …

On sait en effet depuis la jurisprudence Kadi que la lutte contre le terrorisme constitue un « objectif d’intérêt général de l’Union » tout comme l’est la lutte contre la criminalité grave afin de garantir la sécurité publique (CJUE, Tsakouridis, C‑145/09). De façon intéressante, la Cour souligne ici du reste que l’article 6 de la Charte énonce le droit de toute personne non seulement à la liberté, mais également à la sûreté (point 42).
Apportant ainsi un fondement à la politique sécuritaire de l’Union, dans la logique du préambule de son traité et des articles 3 §2 TUE et 67 §3 TFUE, la Cour n’avait plus alors qu’à évaluer la proportionnalité de l’ingérence ainsi constatée.

Une réponse de principe

Constater l’existence d’une ingérence dans les droits fondamentaux consacrés par les articles 7 et 8 de la Charte n’était guère compliqué et la Cour se livre sans difficulté à cet examen. Tant l’obligation de conservation des données à caractère personnel que l’accès des autorités nationales à ces données ou leur traitement constituent une ingérence flagrante dans les droits fondamentaux des individus et la Cour souligne à la suite de son avocat général qu’elle « s’avère d’une vaste ampleur et qu’elle doit être considérée comme particulièrement grave » (point 37).
De plus, la conservation des données et l’utilisation ultérieure de celles-ci étant effectuées sans que l’abonné ou l’utilisateur inscrit en soient informés est « susceptible de générer dans l’esprit des personnes concernées, ainsi que l’a relevé M. l’avocat général aux points 52 et 72 de ses conclusions, le sentiment que leur vie privée fait l’objet d’une surveillance constante ».
La seule question posée consistait donc à trancher le point de sa proportionnalité.
Le contrôle juridictionnel du principe de proportionnalité n’est pas étranger à la Cour de justice, chacun le sait. Néanmoins, et elle appréciera ce coup de chapeau tardif, la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme est passée maîtresse dans l’examen du jeu de la balance des intérêts en présence.
C’est donc très heureusement que la Cour de justice se réfère par analogie à l’article 8 CEDH et à la jurisprudence S. et Marper c. Royaume Uni, arrêt fondateur s’il en est, pour signifier que l’étendue du pouvoir d’appréciation du législateur de l’Union peut être strictement limitée en fonction d’un certain nombre d’éléments, parmi lesquels figurent, notamment, le domaine concerné, la nature du droit en cause garanti par la Charte, la nature et la gravité de l’ingérence ainsi que la finalité de celle-ci.

Elle délivre en fait ici sa grille de lecture.
Certes, les données conservées en application de la directive 2006/24 permettent aux autorités nationales compétentes en matière de poursuites pénales de disposer de possibilités supplémentaires d’élucidation des infractions graves. Elles constituent donc un instrument utile pour les enquêtes pénales et leur conservation de telles données peut être considérée comme apte à réaliser l’objectif poursuivi par ladite directive. Or, la lutte contre le terrorisme et la criminalité est d’une importance primordiale dont l’efficacité peut dépendre de l’utilisation de ces techniques modernes d’enquête.
Néanmoins, cet « objectif d’intérêt général, pour fondamental qu’il soit, ne saurait à lui seul justifier qu’une mesure de conservation telle que celle instaurée par la directive 2006/24 soit considérée comme nécessaire aux fins de ladite lutte ».
Prenant en considération, d’une part, le rôle important que joue la protection des données à caractère personnel au regard du droit fondamental au respect de la vie privée et, d’autre part, l’ampleur et de la gravité de l’ingérence dans ce droit que comporte la directive 2006/24, le pouvoir d’appréciation du législateur de l’Union ne saurait qu’être réduit et il appelle un contrôle juridictionnel strict.
Mentionnant la jurisprudence de la CEDH, la CJUE souligne que « la réglementation de l’Union en cause doit prévoir des règles claires et précises régissant la portée et l’application de la mesure en cause et imposant un minimum d’exigences de sorte que les personnes dont les données ont été conservées disposent de garanties suffisantes permettant de protéger efficacement leurs données à caractère personnel contre les risques d’abus ainsi que contre tout accès et toute utilisation illicites de ces données ».
Tel n’est manifestement pas le cas et la Cour parvient rapidement à une conclusion cruelle : « la directive 2006/24 ne prévoit pas de règles claires et précises régissant la portée de l’ingérence dans les droits fondamentaux consacrés aux articles 7 et 8 de la Charte. Force est donc de constater que cette directive comporte une ingérence dans ces droits fondamentaux d’une vaste ampleur et d’une gravité particulière dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union sans qu’une telle ingérence soit précisément encadrée par des dispositions permettant de garantir qu’elle est effectivement limitée au strict nécessaire ».

Comment ne pas la suivre ?

En premier lieu, la directive 2006/24 couvre de manière généralisée et indifférenciée l’ensemble des individus, des moyens de communication électronique et des données relatives au trafic, indépendamment de son objectif de lutte contre les infractions graves.
Deuxièmement, la directive ne prévoit aucun critère objectif permettant de garantir que les autorités nationales compétentes n’aient accès aux données et ne puissent les utiliser qu’aux fins qui leur sont assignées. Elle renvoie de manière générale aux « infractions graves » définies par chaque État membre dans son droit interne, sans précision procédurale ni contrôle préalable d’une juridiction ou d’une entité administrative indépendante.
Pire, la durée de conservation des données est d’au moins six mois et de 24 mois au maximum, sans encadrement des catégories de données en fonction des personnes concernées ou de l’utilité éventuelle des données par rapport à l’objectif poursuivi, ni critère objectif ni protection contre une utilisation abusive.
Enfin, et la précision est de taille au regard des échanges de données dans la lutte internationale contre la criminalité, la Cour met en cause le fait que la directive n’impose pas une conservation des données sur le territoire de l’Union.
Ainsi, la directive ne garantit pas pleinement le contrôle du respect des exigences de protection et de sécurité par une autorité indépendante, comme cela est pourtant explicitement exigé par la charte.
Or, un tel contrôle, effectué sur la base du droit de l’Union, constitue un élément essentiel du respect de la protection des personnes à l’égard du traitement des données à caractère personnel.
Dans un tel contexte, l’invalidation de la directive 2006/24 coulait de source, au détail près de son ampleur et de son effet dans le temps.
La Cour de justice n’y va pas par quatre chemins, négligeant toute opération de chirurgie juridique visant à sauvegarder certains pans de la législation ou la face de ses auteurs. Le texte est invalidé dans son ensemble, créant de ce fait un vide juridique considérable.

A cela, la Cour aurait pu répondre en suivant la suggestion de son avocat général l’incitant à faire usage de la faculté que lui offre l’article 264 TFUE de limiter dans le temps les effets de sa déclaration d’invalidité.

Ce dernier faisait état d’une prudence nécessaire : « la mise en balance des différents intérêts en présence doit faire l’objet d’une pondération très attentive ». Si la violation des droits fondamentaux ne souffrait pas de doute, les invalidités constatées relevaient d’un simple défaut d’encadrement et les États membres avaient « de façon générale, ainsi qu’il ressort des éléments fournis à la Cour, exercé leurs compétences avec modération pour ce qui est de la durée maximale de conservation des données » point 157).

La Cour s’y refuse, invitant de la sorte les institutions de l’Union à remédier au plus vite aux effets de leur inconséquence, terme faible s’il en est au vu des enjeux en cause.

Data Retention: a landmark Court of Justice’s ruling.(5) From now on, no more “just in case ” retention of data…

By Peter Schaar
(translated by Douwe Korff)

The judgment of the CJEU on compulsory data retention is remarkable for two reasons.
First, the Court essentially agrees with the critics of data retention: The general, suspicion-less retention of telecommunication data is incompatible with both the fundamental right to respect for private life, and with the fundamental right to data protection.
The second, broader message is that the CJEU sees itself as the guardian of the civil and political rights enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, and will correct the European legislator if the latter exceeds the limits set by the Charter.

The Court does not deny that it is in the public interest to fight against serious crime, in particular organised crime and terrorism. However:

such an objective of general interest, however fundamental it may be, does not, in itself, justify a retention measure such as that established by Directive 2006/24 [the Data Retention Directive] being considered to be necessary for the purpose of that fight. (para. 51)

As the Court puts it, with reference to its settled case-law:

derogations and limitations in relation to the protection of personal data must apply only in so far as is strictly necessary. (para. 52)

So far, one could think that the Court – like the German Constitutional Court – felt that all-encompassing data retention is not fundamentally contrary to human rights.
However, the Luxembourg Court goes further than that, when it notes that:
Directive 2006/24 affects, in a comprehensive manner, all persons using electronic communications services, but without the persons whose data are retained being, even indirectly, in a situation which is liable to give rise to criminal prosecutions. It therefore applies even to persons for whom there is no evidence capable of suggesting that their conduct might have a link, even an indirect or remote one, with serious crime. …

Moreover, whilst seeking to contribute to the fight against serious crime, Directive 2006/24 does not require any relationship between the data whose retention is provided for and a threat to public security and, in particular, it is not restricted to a retention in relation
(i) to data pertaining to a particular time period and/or a particular geographical zone and/or to a circle of particular persons likely to be involved, in one way or another, in a serious crime, or
(ii) to persons who could, for other reasons, contribute, by the retention of their data, to the prevention, detection or prosecution of serious offenses. (paras. 58 – 59, emphasis added)

In the above, the Court clearly rejects suspicion-less mass retention of data “just in case” they may be useful in future. By contrast, the judgment does not reject the possibility of limited, targeted retention of data.
This corresponds to a green light for the “quick-freeze” model of data retention, under which judicial court orders can be issued to retain specific categories of relevant data for specified, limited periods, when there are concrete indications that a serious crime is being planned or in process.

The Court points to a series of other serious defects in the Data Retention Directive, that had also already been noted by the German Constitutional Court: lack of clarity in the definition of “serious crime”; unclear, insufficiently precise rules on the access to and use of the retained data; and a lack of rules on technical and organisatorial measures needed to ensure the security of the data.
The Directive also failed to contain provisions to protect data that are subject to special rules on confidentiality, such as attorney – client communications.

The judgment of the CJEU dramatically changes the legal landscape: all of a sudden Germany is the only EU Member State with national legal rules that meet the European requirements, simply because the German rules do not allow for “just in case” data retention (Vorratsdatenspeicherung).

Hopefully, the EU institutions will draw the right conclusions from the message of the Court.
The judgment points the way for other measures that would also lead to massive, suspicionless data retention “just in case”: the planned European Passenger Name Records (PNR)- and Entering-Leaving Registers should be scrapped, as should the introduction of suspicionless mass data retention, envisaged in the German Grand Coalition Agreement.

Notes:
BVerfG, 1 BvR 256/08 vom 2.3.2010, available here.
See Peter Schaar: “Quick Freeze” instead of data retention, Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, 15 June 2010, here.
The German Government endorsed this suggestion but it was highhandedly rejected by the European Commission. See here.
On 10 April 2014, a Swedish ISP announced it had deleted all retained customer data in response to the CJEU judgment; and the relevant Swedish regulatory authority informed the government that it will not take action against the ISP for non-compliance with the Swedish law implementing the Directive – thus effectively suspending the application of the law. See here and here.